Infrastructure

Global ammonia infrastructure

An in-depth look at the existing and planned infrastructure that underpins the global ammonia system — terminals, pipelines, cracking facilities, and bunkering hubs. Select a site on the map or filter by infrastructure type.

Terminals mapped
42 sites
Pipelines mapped
8 networks
Crackers (operational)
3 facilities
Bunkering hubs
4 active / planned

Filter by type

Terminal
Pipeline
Cracker
Bunkering
Production
--- Trade routes
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In-depth breakdown

Infrastructure by category

Detailed data on each infrastructure type — what exists today, what is planned, and where the critical gaps are.

Storage terminals — key hubs

Port of Rotterdam (Vopak / OCI)~2 MT/yr · Operational
Houston Ship Channel (CF Industries)~1.5 MT · Operational
Jubail, Saudi Arabia (SABIC)Large · Operational
Yokohama / Osaka (Mitsubishi Chem.)Multiple · Operational
Antwerp (BASF)Industrial · Operational
Brunsbüttel (Hy2B / ThyssenKrupp)0.1 MT · Planned 2027
Lüderitz, Namibia (Hyphen)2.0 MT · Planned 2030
India (AVTL / Vopak) — 6 portsMultiple · Operational + expanding

Cracking facilities

Air Liquide — Port of Antwerp-BrugesPilot scale · Operational 2025
ThyssenKrupp Uhde / Uniper — GermanyDemo · Operational 2027
ThyssenKrupp Uhde / Uniper — 6 EU portsCommercial · Planned 2027–29
Proton Vesta Terminal — RotterdamWorld-scale · Commissioning 2027
Haldor Topsoe / variousMultiple pilots · Global
Floating crackers (SHI / Lloyd's)FPSO concept · Under development
Key bottleneck: current crackers reach ~70–80% H₂ yield; commercial viability requires 85%+ R-03 ↗

Pipeline networks

US Midwest ammonia pipeline (Terra/Koch)~3,000 km · Operational
Togliatti–Odessa pipeline (Ukraine)~2,400 km · Suspended
Envision Chifeng–Jinzhou (China)300 km · Planned
Delta Rhine Corridor (Rotterdam–Duisburg)H₂ pipeline · Planned
European H₂ backbone (with NH₃ nodes)Multi-country · Planned 2030
Saudi Arabia industrial pipelinesJubail cluster · Operational
Note: dedicated NH₃ pipelines rare outside the US; most transport is via ship or truck

Bunkering hubs

Dalian Port, China (Envision / COSCO)Operational — 1st NH₃ bunker NE Asia
Jurong Island, Singapore (Keppel)Integrated power + bunker · In dev
Port of Rotterdam (Vopak / Proton)Bunkering planned alongside terminal
Port of AntwerpBunkering studies underway
Yokohama / Tokyo Bay (NYK / MOL)Import + bunkering · In dev
Houston (First Ammonia / Uniper)Bunkering concept · Planned
Gap alert: of the top 30 global ports by shipping volume, fewer than 5 have confirmed NH₃ bunkering plans
Regional infrastructure

Where infrastructure is most developed

Region Existing strength Key gaps Readiness
USA Largest storage network (6.5 MT); extensive pipeline; major coastal terminals Limited green ammonia production; bunkering underdeveloped High (conventional)
Japan 7.1 MT/yr processable storage; strong co-firing pipeline; committed government policy No domestic production; entirely import-dependent High (import ready)
Netherlands / Belgium Rotterdam hub; Antwerp cracker operational; strong pipeline connectivity to Germany Community acceptance of NH₃ pipelines; scaling cracking to commercial size Developing
Saudi Arabia / Middle East Jubail export hub; existing gas ammonia infrastructure; NEOM export terminal under construction Green export terminals still being built; offtake agreements not fully locked Developing
India 6 AVTL terminals (Vopak JV); large domestic production base; government green port policy Green production still in development; export terminals unbuilt Developing
China World's largest producer; Dalian bunkering operational; Envision pipeline planned Coal-based production dominant; green fraction small; export infrastructure nascent High (domestic)
Africa / Namibia Excellent renewable resource; Hyphen FID secured; strong export corridor to Europe Almost no existing ammonia infrastructure; greenfield build required at scale Early stage
Australia YURI operational; multiple large projects advancing; strong Japan/Korea export demand Export terminals mostly unbuilt; grid connection challenges in remote locations Developing
Research note

Our infrastructure team is currently building a full port-by-port database covering 80+ ammonia-relevant terminals worldwide (Research R-02, target Q2 2026). If you work in port operations, terminal management, or logistics and can contribute data or review our methodology, please get in touch.